THE EASIEST WAY TO EVALUATE YOUR RUNNING FORM is to answer a very simple question: is all of your energy directed toward your forward motion?
Even experienced runners fail to answer this positively, all of the time. When fatigue sets in, form often suffers. Sometimes runners overcompensate when recovering from—or trying to run through—an injury, leading to bad habits. Sometimes a runner simply loses focus over a long course.
The key is to continually monitor your form to ensure that you are getting the maximum result for your effort, and minimizing discomfort.
Here are some of the leading symptoms of bad running form, and strategies for addressing them:
Tensing of shoulders. This is one of the most common responses to fatigue. The shoulders slowly rise up toward your neck, placing unnecessary strain on your upper body, and requiring significant energy.
Whenever you become aware you are doing this, drop the shoulders immediately, lowering your hands to your waist. It may feel exaggerated at first, but it won’t look that way to observers, and unless you are careful it won’t be long before the process begins all over again. As often as you think of it, repeat the process of relaxing your shoulders and dropping the hands.
Irregular breathing. Choppy breathing sends everything off kilter, and fights against the easy rhythm that is the basis of good form. Ironically, irregular breathing often accompanies supreme effort, even while it undermines the goal.
As with tensing of the shoulders, the key is to catch yourself as soon as possible, and return to a more controlled and rhythmic breathing. The cadence is less important; in fact you can vary the speed of your breathing to meet the particular demands of the course: a faster rhythm, perhaps, when you are putting on your finishing kick, slower when you are trying to restrain yourself from starting out too fast. But whatever the pace, keep your breathing smooth and even.
Squinting. This usually occurs for one of two reasons: too much sun, or the strain of competition. Unfortunately, it takes energy, and distracts runners from their goal.
Effort should not find physical expression in running; the body must move fluidly at all times, even, especially, as the mind is supremely focused. Wear a hat or sunglasses if the sun bothers you. When you are running up a steep hill or trying to pass a runner at the end of a race, remember to relax your face.
Clenched fists. Many runners clench their fists unconsciously, and it, too, demands energy that would best be spent on getting your body to the finish line. If you are prone to this, let your hands and wrists go limp and shake them out as often as needed. You don’t even have to slow down.
Bouncing. This seems to be a particular bane of young men (I speak from experience; I was a classic bouncer in my early teens). Perhaps it is because they have not yet grown into their bodies, and tend to lope rather than stride. A telltale sign is when your hair starts bouncing wildly up and down. This is energy lost vertically rather than contributing toward your forward motion, and can seriously impact your comfort level and race times.
The solution: lengthen your stride, and lean (from the waist, keeping your upper body straight), deliberately triggering a reflex of catching yourself from falling.
Windshield wiping. Many otherwise good runners compromise their effort by scissoring their arms in front of their body, rather than keeping them even and reaching forward. This takes energy, and works at cross purposes with your forward goal.
Relax the arms and consciously redirect your effort ahead of you, not side to side. The image of pulling on a rope can be extremely helpful, especially when running up hills.
Braking. On downhills, inexperienced runners unconsciously brake when they land, fearful of losing control or even falling. It absorbs valuable energy, and slows you down.
It takes practice, but learning the art of running easily downhill provides a double benefit: you gain speed, but also use the time to recover from the uphill climb. One strategy is to switch from striking on the ball of your foot to the heel during steep descents. Another is to remember to “run tall” during these moments, straightening from the waist to offset the sensation of falling.
WHATEVER YOUR PARTICULAR TENDENCIES ARE, remember that poor form is never corrected in a single run. It takes time and perseverance to change bad habits.
Begin by choosing short stretches within your runs where you consciously work on the change you want to make, and gradually increase these focused sections in number and duration. Over time, the good form will supplant the bad.
Even then, however, some challenges to good form, such as tensing shoulders, are apt to resurface during the strain of competition (it happens to me every time!). Part of the mental challenge of running is to be conscious of these changes in form, and make adjustments on the fly.